ABSTRACT
Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.
Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.
Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.
Subject(s)
Humans , Drinking Water , Water Quality , Pakistan , Escherichia coliABSTRACT
Abstract The present study was conducted to explore morphometric variations of Pteropus medius (the Indian flying fox) and the roosting trees in Lower Dir, Pakistan. The bats were captured from Morus alba, Morus nigra, Brousonetia papyrifera, Pinus raxburghii, Hevea brasiliensis, Platanus orientalis, Populous nigra, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Grevillea robusta through sling shot and mess net methods. A total of 12 bats were studied for the differential morphological features based on age and sex. Male bats were recorded higher in weight than females. The variations were found in body mass (821.1±34.65gm), circumference of body with wings (25.43±0.39cm), wingspan (112.58±1.90cm), Body length (20.73±0.68cm), Snout length (3.42±0.04cm), Eye length (1.45±0.033cm), Length of ear (3.56±0.05cm), Width of ear (2.46±0.04cm), Length b/w ear (5.51±0.11cm), Circumference of neck (12.23±0.24cm), Circumference of body without wings (18.68±0.31cm), Arm wing length (23.2±1.03cm), Length of thumb (5.43±0.1cm), Length of nail (1.89±0.05cm), Hand wing length (29.1±0.51cm), Maximum width of wing (21.03±0.68cm), Length b/w tip of wing to 5th digit (29.39±0.30cm), Length b/w 5th digit to foot (22.97±1.09cm), Length b/w feet (18.31±0.74cm) and Length of foot claw (4.23±0.05cm). This study was designed for analysis of external morphological variations for P. medius (the Indian flying fox) that may help in identification of these bats and their roosting sites.
Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido com o intuito de explorar variações morfométricas de Pteropus medius (raposa-voadora indiana) e árvores de repouso em Lower Dir, Paquistão. Os morcegos foram capturados de Morus alba, Morus nigra, Broussonetia papyrifera, Pinus roxburghii, Hevea brasiliensis, Platanus orientalis, Populus nigra, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Grevillea robusta por meio de estilingues e redes. Doze morcegos foram estudados quanto às características morfológicas diferenciais com base na idade e no sexo. Os morcegos machos apresentaram maior peso do que as fêmeas. As variações foram encontradas em massa corporal (821,1 ± 34,65 g), circunferência do corpo com asas (25,43 ± 0,39 cm), envergadura (112,58 ± 1,90 cm), comprimento do corpo (20,73 ± 0,68 cm), comprimento do focinho (3,42 ± 0,04 cm), comprimento do olho (1,45 ± 0,033 cm), comprimento da orelha (3,56 ± 0,05 cm), largura da orelha (2,46 ± 0,04 cm), comprimento entre as orelhas (5,51 ± 0,11 cm), circunferência do pescoço (12,23 ± 0,24 cm), circunferência do corpo sem asas (18,68 ± 0,31 cm), comprimento da asa da pata dianteira (23,2 ± 1,03 cm), comprimento do polegar (5,43 ± 0,1 cm), comprimento da unha (1,89 ± 0,05 cm), comprimento da asa até a ponta do dedo (29,1 ± 0,51 cm), largura máxima da asa (21,03 ± 0,68 cm), comprimento entre a ponta da asa e o quinto dedo (29,39 ± 0,30 cm), comprimento entre o quinto dedo e a pata (22,97 ± 1,09 cm), comprimento entre as patas (18,31 ± 0,74 cm) e comprimento da garra da pata (4,23 ± 0,05 cm). Este estudo foi desenvolvido para análise de variações morfológicas externas de P. medius (raposa-voadora indiana) e pode auxiliar na identificação desses morcegos e seus locais de nidificação.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Chiroptera , Pakistan , Wings, Animal , EcologyABSTRACT
Objectives: In this study our main aim is to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics of non-palpable testes in childrenundergo laparoscopy surgery in Bangladesh.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was donein the department Pediatric Surgery, Dhaka Shisu (Children)Hospital (DSH), Dhaka, from March 2010 to September 2011.The study included 30 children with nonpalpable testis eitherunilateral or bilateral.Result: During the study, 37% patients belong to 2-5-year agegroup. Followed by 26% in 5-10 years age group, 20% 1-2years age group. (50%) cases, diagnosed by laparoscopy asvas and vessel entered into deep ring underwent plannedinguinal exploration. 40% belong to full term whereas 60%belong to pre-term.Conclusion: From our study we can conclude that,Laparoscopic orchiopexy were done by either single stage ortwo staged Fowler - Stephens method, needs to be evaluatedon large group of patients with longer follow- up.
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Background: Urethrocutaneous fistula is the most common complication of hypospadias surgery. Due to the poor surrounding tissue quality, surgical treatment of these patients represents a complex problem. Objectives: Present study aimed to determine a better procedure of salvage urethroplasty for failed hypospadias, caused by persistent large (>4mm) or multiple -small (<4mm) fistulae, by a randomized comparison.Methods: This interventional study was performed in a single institute over a period of five years. Comparisons were made among three procedures of salvage urethroplasty using substitution of dorsal skin flap, Flip flap, or buccal mucosal graft in a controlled situation. Outcomes were assessed by means of objective scoring system. Results: Refistula rate, devascularization of flap and grafts and wound dehiscence rate were significantly less in Buccal mucosal graft than flip flap and dorsal transposition flap. This led to a higher success rate and better patient compliance in buccal mucosal graft. Though mean duration of hospital stay was significantly longer in buccal mucosal graft compared to other methods, it did not negatively affect patient satisfaction due to overall higher success rate. The objective scoring evaluation revealed that score gain of BM group was significantly higher than that of dorsal transposition flap and flip flap. Conclusion: Staged redo urethroplasty for large or multiple-small fistulae using substitution of buccal mucosal graft revealed as an better option for urethral reconstruction than dorsal transposition flap and flip flap procedures (group A˃ group B ˃group C).
ABSTRACT
Abstract The present study was conducted to explore morphometric variations of Pteropus medius (the Indian flying fox) and the roosting trees in Lower Dir, Pakistan. The bats were captured from Morus alba, Morus nigra, Brousonetia papyrifera, Pinus raxburghii, Hevea brasiliensis, Platanus orientalis, Populous nigra, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Grevillea robusta through sling shot and mess net methods. A total of 12 bats were studied for the differential morphological features based on age and sex. Male bats were recorded higher in weight than females. The variations were found in body mass (821.1±34.65gm), circumference of body with wings (25.43±0.39cm), wingspan (112.58±1.90cm), Body length (20.73±0.68cm), Snout length (3.42±0.04cm), Eye length (1.45±0.033cm), Length of ear (3.56±0.05cm), Width of ear (2.46±0.04cm), Length b/w ear (5.51±0.11cm), Circumference of neck (12.23±0.24cm), Circumference of body without wings (18.68±0.31cm), Arm wing length (23.2±1.03cm), Length of thumb (5.43±0.1cm), Length of nail (1.89±0.05cm), Hand wing length (29.1±0.51cm), Maximum width of wing (21.03±0.68cm), Length b/w tip of wing to 5th digit (29.39±0.30cm), Length b/w 5th digit to foot (22.97±1.09cm), Length b/w feet (18.31±0.74cm) and Length of foot claw (4.23±0.05cm). This study was designed for analysis of external morphological variations for P. medius (the Indian flying fox) that may help in identification of these bats and their roosting sites.
Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido com o intuito de explorar variações morfométricas de Pteropus medius (raposa-voadora indiana) e árvores de repouso em Lower Dir, Paquistão. Os morcegos foram capturados de Morus alba, Morus nigra, Broussonetia papyrifera, Pinus roxburghii, Hevea brasiliensis, Platanus orientalis, Populus nigra, Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Grevillea robusta por meio de estilingues e redes. Doze morcegos foram estudados quanto às características morfológicas diferenciais com base na idade e no sexo. Os morcegos machos apresentaram maior peso do que as fêmeas. As variações foram encontradas em massa corporal (821,1 ± 34,65 g), circunferência do corpo com asas (25,43 ± 0,39 cm), envergadura (112,58 ± 1,90 cm), comprimento do corpo (20,73 ± 0,68 cm), comprimento do focinho (3,42 ± 0,04 cm), comprimento do olho (1,45 ± 0,033 cm), comprimento da orelha (3,56 ± 0,05 cm), largura da orelha (2,46 ± 0,04 cm), comprimento entre as orelhas (5,51 ± 0,11 cm), circunferência do pescoço (12,23 ± 0,24 cm), circunferência do corpo sem asas (18,68 ± 0,31 cm), comprimento da asa da pata dianteira (23,2 ± 1,03 cm), comprimento do polegar (5,43 ± 0,1 cm), comprimento da unha (1,89 ± 0,05 cm), comprimento da asa até a ponta do dedo (29,1 ± 0,51 cm), largura máxima da asa (21,03 ± 0,68 cm), comprimento entre a ponta da asa e o quinto dedo (29,39 ± 0,30 cm), comprimento entre o quinto dedo e a pata (22,97 ± 1,09 cm), comprimento entre as patas (18,31 ± 0,74 cm) e comprimento da garra da pata (4,23 ± 0,05 cm). Este estudo foi desenvolvido para análise de variações morfológicas externas de P. medius (raposa-voadora indiana) e pode auxiliar na identificação desses morcegos e seus locais de nidificação.
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Background: Side branch occlusion is a well known complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Although occlusion of small side branches is well tolerated, occlusion of larger side branches may cause more serious complications. After PCI the incidence of complications in patients with compromised side branches smaller than 2 mm is small. Compromising side branches larger than 2 mm can be accompanied by clinical outcomes as non Q-wave MI. This study was undertaken to assess the in-hospital outcomes of compromised small (<2mm) side branch after percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was carried out in the department of cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka during the period of September 2011 to June 2012. A total of 100 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease who underwent elective PCI were included in the study. Study patients were divided into two groups on the basis of presence of compromised small (< 2 mm) side branch. In Group- I, small (< 2 mm) side branch were compromised after PCI and in Group- II, side branches were patent after PCI, with 50 patients in each group. In-hospital outcome were evaluated in both groups. Result: There were no significant differences of the baseline clinical demographics between two groups. Post PCI angina was higher in group I than group II (10.0% vs. 9.0%). Non ST elevation myocardial infarction and significant arrhythmia was identical in both groups (2.0% vs. 2.0%) but hypotension was more in group II than group I (4.0% vs. 2.0%). The findings were statistically insignificant between the study groups. There was no mortality, emergency CABG within 24 hours, ST elevation myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock or acute left ventricular failure during their hospital course in either group. Conclusion: The present study concluded that compromised small (<2mm) side branch after percutaneous coronary intervention was not associated with adverse in-hospital outcome.
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Background: Arterial stiffness assessed noninvasively with aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been associated with atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and also cardiovascular mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between aortic PWV and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted over 200 acute STEMI patients who were purposively selected and agreed to do coronary angiogram during index hospital admission. Assessment of aortic PWV was performed noninvasively with the commercially available SphygmoCor system using applanation tonometry with high fidelity micromanometer on the day before angiogram. Study subjects were subdivided into two groups on the basis of PWV. In group I: aortic PWV was d” 10 m/sec and in group II: aortic PWV was> 10 m/sec. One hundred patients were included in each group. Angiographic severity of CAD was assessed by vessel score, Friesinger score and Leaman score. Results: Vessel score 0 and 1 were significantly higher in group I (p<0.05) where vessel score 2 and 3 were significantly higher in group II (p<0.05).The mean PWV in the group with normal angiographic result was 8.10±2.9 m/sec, and in patients with single vessel disease it was 11.65±3.46m/sec. In those with double and triple vessel disease the mean value of PWV was found 13.85±3.80 and 15.70±4.66 m/sec respectively. The mean value of PWV increased in proportion with the number of vessel involved by CAD and the differences were statistically significant(p=0.001).The mean value of PWV was observed 8.5±2.3 and 12.5±3.7m/sec in insignificant and significant CAD respectively using Friesinger score and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).There was statistically significant positive linear relation between the values of PWV and vessel score(r=.62, p=0.01), Friesinger score(r=.64, p=0.01) and Leaman score(r=.45, p=0.01). Conclusion: Aortic PWV is associated with the extent and severity of CAD. This noninvasive, cheap, radiation free method may be considered as risk stratification tool beyond other investigations.
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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between arterial stiffness determined noninvasively by pulse wave analysis (PWA) and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Dhaka over a period of ten months starting from July 2011 to April 2012. Patients were purposively selected from those who were admitted in NICVD with acute STEMI myocardial infarction agreed to do coronary angiography. Total 99 patients (male: 81, female: 18) were included in this study. Assessment of arterial stiffness was performed noninvasively with the commercially available SphygmoCor system using applanation tonometry with a high-fidelity micromanometer. Augmentation index (AIx), Augmentation pressure (AP) and Augmentation index corrected for heart rate 75beats/min (AIx@75) were derived from this with the technique of PWA. Coronary angiography was performed in those patients during the same hospital stay and severity was assessed by vessel score, Friesinger score and Leaman score. Results: It was found that 9 (9.1%) patients had score 0, 42 (42.4%) had score 1, 23 (23.2%) had score 2 and 25 (25.3%) had score 3. However higher the number of vessels is involved, the greater is the AIx @75. Mean score in single, double and triple vessel disease was 24.50, 33.57 and 34.60 respectively. The mean level of AIx @75 was observed 23.97±11.47 and 31.76±11.26 in insignificant and significant CAD respectively using Friesinger score. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the AIx@75 and the severity of coronary artery disease (p= <0.05, r=0.40). Conclusion: In conclusion, the results presented herein indicate that augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), and augmentation index corrected for heart rate 75/minute (AIx@75), measures closely related to wave reflections and arterial stiffness, are predictors of severity of CAD. It may be considered as a recommended test for the evaluation of CV risk in addition to other routine investigations.
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Background: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) reflects left ventricular pressure. It increases in systolic dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate role of plasma BNP level in early diagnosis of left ventricular isolated diastolic dysfunction. Methods: We studied 60 patients (male=18, female=42) with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia. The Doppler parameters used for evaluation of diastolic dysfunction are: isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), Transmitral flow velocities (E/A) ratio, deceleration time (DT) & pulmonary vein Doppler findings. 49 patients (group-1) had diastolic dysfunction whereas 11 patients (group-2) had normal flow patterns. Plasma BNP level was done in all patients. Results: Mean plasma BNP levels were 40.41±6.82 pg/ml in individuals with normal filling patterns and 183.36±25.28 pg/ml in subjects with abnormal diastolic dysfunction (p<0.001).The accuracy of BNP in detecting diastolic dysfunction was assessed with receiver-operating characteristic(ROC) analysis. The area under the ROC curve for BNP test accuracy in detection of any abnormal diastolic dysfunction was 0.928 (95% CI, 0.861 to 0.994;p<0.001).A BNP value of 63 pg/ml had the sensitivity of 89.9%,specificity of 91.9% and accuracy of 90.3%.PPVwas 97.8% and NPV-66.7% for detecting diastolic dysfunction. Conclusion: Raised plasma BNP level is useful for early diagnosis of isolated left ventricular Diastolic dysfunction.
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BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is a recurrent, nonscarring type of hair loss considered to be an autoimmune process. Though its etiopathology is not fully understood, there are claims that imbalance of trace elements may trigger the onset of AA. AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of zinc, copper, and magnesium in the serum of AA patients. METHODS: Fifty AA patients (34 men and 16 women), and fifty age and sex matched healthy control subjects were studied. Samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometric methods. RESULTS: Serum zinc levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in AA patients whose disease was extensive, prolonged, and resistant to treatment, whereas serum copper and magnesium levels showed insignificant rise compared to controls. CONCLUSION: We conclude that copper and magnesium levels are not altered in AA, but the decreased zinc levels found in our study may merit further investigation of the relationship.
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Background: Majority of the patients of coronary heart disease (CHD) in our country are above 40 years of age but a good number of patients belong to the age under 40, the most valuable and productive period of life during which they can devote themselves to uplift their family, society and country and can participate in nation building activities.3,4 The number of young individuals falling into the spectrum of CHD is increasing everywhere However, this age trend is peculiar in relation to the western age incidence.5 Our objective was to investigate the lipid profile and coronary angiographic pattern in young Bangladeshi patients with acute coronary syndrome and also to find out the relationship between dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease in this age group. Methods: This observational study was carried out in National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) during the period of January 2000 to December 2000. A brief history was recorded on the date of admission and fasting lipid profile was done within 24 hours of admission. Other associated major risk factors were looked for and recorded accordingly. After stabilization oh the acute condition patient was prepared for coronary angiogram and informed consent was taken. Accordingly elective CAG was done. Among them total 64 patients of ACS, underwent coronary angiogram in the cath lab of NICVD, were selected randomly of which of which 32 patients were up to the age 40 years (Group- I) and 32 were above 40 years of age (Group-II). Patient of ACS of either sex having no age limitation were included without prior history of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery. The findings were reviewed and scrutinized carefully by two interventional cardiologists. In doubtful cases third expert reviewed the CD. If a consensus was not reached due to technical or visual error, the case wais discarded from the study. Details of CAG findings i.e. site and number of diseased vessels, location, morphology and pattern of lesion were studied and recorded accordingly. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidaemia and positive family history were more in group I than group II. Younger age group has less favorable lipid profile than older age group having raised total cholesterol in 31.3 percent cases, low HDL in 12.5 percent cases and raised LDL in 31.3 percent cases, while in older age group, it was 21.8, 25.0, 0 and 18.7 percent, respectively. CAG study of the patients showed that no vessel involvement was more common in group I than group II (21.9% vs 12.5%), but triple vessel disease was more common in group II (12.5% vs 21.8%). Single vessel and double vessel diseases were similar in both the groups. Involvement of LAD was slightly more in-group I than group II (68.8% vs 65.6%) and involvement of LCX and RCA were less in group I than group II (21.9% vs 34.3%, and 43.8% vs 78.1%, respectively). Diffuse LAD and RCA lesions were more in group II (36.4% vs 52.4% and 42.9% vs 48.0%, respectively), but diffuse LCX lesion was more in group I (42.9 vs 36.4%). Multiple irregular lesions are more common in older age group (53.1%) than younger age group (28.1%). Conclusion: The younger age group has less favorable lipid profile than older age group having raised total cholesterol, decreased HDL and raised LDL. CAG findings show that most of the lesions are present in LAD (having less impressive LVEF) as like as in older age group, but older age group has more multiple irregular lesions. Prevalence of >2 lesions in one coronary artery was more in group I (31 vs. 25%) but difference was not statistically significant.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the interrelationship of the inflammation, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. METHODOLOGY: Eighty-one newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were compared with 81 healthy age, sex and BMI matched controls. Plasma glucose and insulin (fasting and after 2 hours of 75 gm of oral glucose), lipids and serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha were measured. Carotid (Intima-Medial Thickness) IMT was measured using high "resolution B-Mode ultrasonography. Insulin resistance was calculated using HOMA-IR model. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and exercise ECG were recorded for the evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). RESULTS: Carotid IMT was significantly thicker in diabetic patients than in control group across the whole age range (p < 0.01). In merged group of diabetes, composite IMT was significantly correlated with LDL-cholesterol, fasting insulin, serum cholesterol, BMI and HOMA-IR (p < 0.01). After controlling for age and sex, all glycaemic parameters were correlated with IMT in both diabetic and control group. HOMA-IR, waist hip ratio, serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, fasting serum insulin and CRP were significant predictor of IMT. Concentrations of inflammatory markers were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in control group. Serum levels of CRP (p < 0.05) were found to be higher in diabetic patients with CHD than without CHD. CRP was significantly correlated with IMT (r = 0.603, p < 0.01) in diabetic subjects with and without CHD after controlling for age and sex. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory markers are associated with type 2 diabetes but only CRP is associated with development of accelerated atherosclerosis and subsequent CHD.
Subject(s)
Age Factors , Biomarkers , C-Reactive Protein , Carotid Arteries/pathology , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Female , Fibrinogen , Humans , India/epidemiology , Inflammation/complications , Insulin Resistance , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
Our study was a five year analysis of gastric cancers performed in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Srinagar. This included an analysis of 152 cases of gastric cancers which accounted for 21.9% of gastrointestinal cancers. Pylorus was the commonest site involved, followed by the body and then cardia-fundus. Grossly the commonest type was an infiltrative lesion. Microscopically according to Lauren’s classification, intestinal type was the commonest (28%), followed by diffuse (27.3%) and mixed (8%). Chronic follicular gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia were common findings in the intestinal type of adenocarcinoma.
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A 65-year-old male was admitted for evaluation of severe anaemia, recurrent epistaxis, axillary lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly. The diagnosis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia was made on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings. The patient developed intracerebral haemorrhage without associated hypertension and with normal coagulation profile.
Subject(s)
Aged , Blood Transfusion , Cerebral Hemorrhage/complications , Disease Progression , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Male , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/complicationsABSTRACT
A cluster sampling of five villages in Dohar thana were selected for screening of hypertension and diabetes in relation to age structure and body habitus. All the subjects over 15 years of age were enlisted for investigation. The response rate was more than 70%. Height, weight, blood pressure (BP) and capillary blood glucose (fasting and 2-hPG) were measured. Diagnostic criteria of international standard were used for hypertension and diabetes. Out of 1005 participants 106 subjects (10.5%) had systolic blood pressure (sBP) more than 140 mmHg and 9% of them had diastolic blood pressure (dBP) more than 90 mmHg. The prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was 2.1% and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 13.3%. The mean body mass index (BMI) of men was 20.39 (SD = 2.91) and that of women was 20.11 (SD = 2.92), having no significant difference between them. Increased age (> or = 50 yr), high BMI (> or = 23.0) and hyperglycemia (2-hPG > 7.8 mmol/L) were the risk factors for both systolic (sBP > 140 mmHg) and diastolic (dBP > 90 mmHg) hypertension. Likewise, increased age, high BMI and hypertension showed significant association with glucose intolerance. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between age and BP (sBP, r = 0.328 p < 0.001; dBP, r = 0.187 p < 0.001) BMI and BP (sBP, r = 0.193 p < 0.001; dBP, r = 0.192 p < 0.001) and 2-hPG and BP (sBP, r = 0.188 p < 0.001; dBP, r = 0.134 p < 0.001).
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Bangladesh/epidemiology , Blood Glucose/analysis , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Hypertension/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Rural HealthABSTRACT
An one-year study was conducted on the outdoor breeding habitats and seasonal prevalence of larval populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in ten different locations of Dacca city. Nine locations were found infested with larvae of either one or both species during the rainy season (May to October) of the year. A total of 1898 containers/sites were surveyed out of which 86 (4.53%) were infested with either one or both species. Out of then different kinds of artificial containers and natural habitats surveyed, Ae. albopictus larvae were present in nine including all four natural sites resulting in highest number and per cent (54, 62.8%) of albopictus infested container in the city. Ae aegypti larvae were present in only four kinds of artificial containers. Earthen pot was the most numerous breeding habitat (24.3%, 461) and contributed the highest number of infested container (45.3%, 39) Seasonal variations in the larval population of both species closely followed the fluctuations in rainfall with zero population during the driest three months.
Subject(s)
Aedes/growth & development , Animals , Bangladesh , Breeding , Humans , Larva , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
Studies were conducted to determine the different disease agents naturally carried by flies in Dacca city by collecting outdoor unbaited flies from 8 different representative locations and identifying the agents in the laboratory. Out of 96 fly pools containing 25 flies each, 62.5%, 46.9%, 15.6%, 8.3%, 8.3%, 15.6% and 6.2% of the pools were found positive for Ascaris lumbrioeides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm, Enterebious vermicularis eggs and Entamoeba coli, Trichomonas spp Giardia spp. cysts, respectively. Similarly, out of the same number of fly pools, 8.3%, 6.25%, 66.6%, 20.8% and 29.2% of the pools were found positive for Shigella flexner-3, Cholera vibrio, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas, respectively besides many other non-pathogenic bacteria.